1538-y; Mz:oah!; btrhyp!; vd;gth; bgz:zpd; rpidg;ig (XthP!;)/ fh;g;gg;ig Mfpatw;iwf; fz:lwpe;J FHe;ijia cUthf;Ftjpy; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp cyfpw;F Kjd;Kjypy; btspg;gLj;jpdhh;.

  1720-y; Mz:ld; yptd; QPf; vd;gth; tpe;jqit ikf;nuh!; nfhg; \yk; fz:lwpe;J cyfj;jpw;F mwptpj;jhh;.

  1790-y; $hd; Qz:l; vd;gth; eha;f;F Crp \yk; tpe;jqitr; brYj;jp fh;g;gKz:lhf;fpdhh;.

  1978-y; ghl;hpl; !;blg;nlh/ uhgh;l; vl;th;!; vd;w kUj;Jt nkijfs;/ FHe;ijapd;ik Kiw jPh;f;Fk; Muha;r;rpapy; g[jpa jpUg;g[ Kidia cz:lhf;fp cyf rhjid epfH;j;jpdhh;fs;. 12 tUl Muha;r;rpapy; gpwe;j mw;g[jk;/ mJ. nrhjidf; FHha; Kiw kUj;Jt El;gk; \yk; 1978-k; tUlk; $^iy 25-y; cyfj;jpd; Kjy; nrhjidf; FHha; FHe;ij gpwe;jJ.

  yz:ldpy; cs;s ghd;Qhy; vd;w fpspdpf;fpy; gpwe;j Kjy; MapukhtJ Mz:od; me;j cyf mjpraj;jpw;F Y}ap!; gput[d; vd;W bgah; r{l;odhh;fs;. tuyhw;wpd; bghd; vGj;Jf;fshy; vGjg;gl;l ,e;j rhjidf;Fg; gpwF cyfbk';Fk; FHe;ijapd;ik kUj;Jtk; btFntfkhf tsh;r;rpa ile;jJ. 20 tUl';fSf;Fs; cyfk; KGtjpYk; nrhjidf;FHha; FHe;ij kUj;Jt trjp bfhz:l Rkhh; \d;W yl;rk; fpspdpf;Ffs; bgUfpd.

  FHe;ij ,y;yhjJ xU jdp eghpd; Fiwnah/ gpur;rpidnah my;y. ,J xU jk;gjpapdhpd; gpur;rpid vd;gij cyfk; g[hpe;Jbfhs;s Muk;gpj;jJ ,e;j mRu tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;.

  jfty;/ bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rpahy;/ gj;jphpiffs;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp nghd;w kPoahf;fs; kf;fsplk; tpHpg;g[zh;it gug;gp/ ,JbthU jk;gjpapdh; gpur;rpid vd;gij bjs;sj; bjspthf;fpaJ.

  FHe;ij gpwf;fhtpl;lhy;- tpthfuj;J/ kWkzk;/ jw;bfhiy kl;Lnk jPh;t[ vd;W mJtiuapy; ,Ue;j epiy khwpaJ. FHe;ij gpwf;fhjjw;F bgz: kl;Lk; fhuzky;y/ Mqk; xU fhuzk; vd;w mog;gil cz:ikia cyfk; g[hpe;J bfhs;sj; bjhl';fpaJ.

  FHe;ij gpwf;fhjjw;F Mz:fsplk; cs;s FiwghLk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzk; vd;w mog;gilahd kUj;Jt cz:ikia 1950fspy;jhd; fz:Lgpoj;jhh;fs;. fpl;lj;jl;l ghjpf;Fg; ghjp (45 rjtPjk;) Mz:fSk; fhuzk; vd;gij cyfk; me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;jhd; ek;g Muk;gpj;jJ.

  mJtiuapYk; FHe;ijiag; bgw;Wj; juKoahj bgz: vd;w gHpr; brhy;iy Twp mtis kl;Lnk ,e;j cyfk; mtkhdg;gLj;jp te;jJ. cyfk; khwpf; bfhz:L te;jhYk; ekJ ehl;oy; ,d;Dk; Tl rpyh; bgz:iz rpWikg;gLj;jp tUfpwhh;fs;.

  MdhYk;/ bghJthfg; ghh;j;jhy; kUj;Jt cjtpiaa[k;/Mnyhridiaa[k; eho FHe;ij gpwf;fhj gpur;rpidf;F jPh;t[fhz Kd;tUk; jk;gjpfspd; vz:zpf;if Tof;bfhz:L tUfpwJ. kUj;Jt nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s Mz:fSk; jahuhfp tpl;lhh;fs;.

  I.tp.vg;. vd;W brhy;yg;gLk; nrhjidf; FHha; KiwapYk; xU g[jpa rthiy kUj;Jt cyfk; vjph; bfhz:lJ. ,e;j rpfpr;irapy; bgz:fspd; Fiwghl;il jPh;g;gjpy; jhd; ey;y btw;wp fpilj;jJ.

  mjhtJ bgz:zpd; rpidf; FHha;fspy; bgnyhg;gpad; oa{g; milg;g[ Vw;gl;L/ ,e;jf; FHha; tHpahf rpidKl;il Ch;e;J ngha; fUg;igiar; nru Koahky; ngha; tpLtjhy; fUj;jhpg;g[ eilbgWtjpy;iy. ,e;jr; rpf;fYf;F nrhjidf; FHha; Kiwapy; jPh;t[ fpilj;jJ. ,Ue;jhYk; ,e;j kUj;Jt El;gj;jpy; Mzpd; Fiwg;ghl;Lf;F jPh;t[ fhz:gjpy; mjpf btw;wp fpilf;ftpy;iy.

  1980 tiuapYk; ,e;j epiy ePoj;jJ. mjw;Fg; gpwF nkw; bfhs;sg; gl;l Muha;r;rp fs;jhd; Mzpd; tpe;jqf;fspy; cs;s FiwghL gw;wpa cz:ikia btl;l btspr;rkhf;fpaJ.

  Mz:fshy; FHe;ij gpwf;f itf;f Koahj Fiwf;F xU ey;y jPh;thf ,f;!p rpfpr;ir Kiwia 1992-f;F gpwF kUj;Jt cyfk; gpd;gw;wp tUfpwJ.

  nrhjidf;FHha; Kiwapy; rpid Kl;iliaa[k;/ tpe;jqf;fisa[k; xd;whfr; nrh;j;J rpidf; fUit cU thf;Ftjw;F rpy E}W ey;y tpe;jqf; fs; ntz:Lk;. Mdhy; …,f;!p… rpfpr;ir Kiwf;F xnu xU ey;y tpe;jq ,Ue;jhny nghJk;. fUj;jhpf;fr; bra;a Koa[k;. nrhjidf; FHha; (I.tp.vg;) Kiwapy; 30 rjtPjk;jhd; btw;wp tha;g;g[ cs;sJ. ,f;!p Kiwapy; I.tp.vg;. rpfpr;iriaf; fhl;oYk; 60-y; ,Ue;J 70 rj tPjk; tiu btw;wp fhz KofpwJ.

  ,d;iwa etPd kUj;Jt tp";"hd tsh;r;rpapy; Mz: kyl;Lj; jd;ikia MW rjtPjk; rhp bra;a Koa[k;. 1986-y; ,f;!p Kiwapy; Kjy; FHe;ij gpwe;jJ. FHe;ijapd;ik bjhlh;ghd Muha;r;rpfSk;/ etPd kUj;Jt Kiwfs; xU gf;fk; Kd;ndw;wk; mile;J tUfpd;wd. ,d;bdhU gf;fk; ,nj ntfj;jpy; thH;f;ifapd; mog;gil kjpg;gPLfshff; fUjg;gl;l gy mk;r';fs; khwpf; bfhz:L tUfpd;wd. thH;f;if Kiwapy; etPd kag; nghf;fpd; jhf;fk; tYj;Jf; bfhz:nl tUfpwJ. ,jd; vjpbuhypahf jha;ik vd;w tp#ak; r';flkhd epiyapy; jL khwpj;jj;jspj;Jf; bfhz:oUf;fpwJ.

  ,g;nghJ bgz:zpd; jpUkz taJ js;spg;nghtJ rw;W rhjhuzk;. 1960fspy; ,Ue;nj ,e;j epytuk; Muk;gkhfp tpl;lJ.

  30-35 tajpy;jhd; bgz:fs; jpUkzk; bra;J bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. khjtpyf;F epw;Fk; bkndhgh!; fl;lk; tiuapy;jhd; bgz:fshy; fUj;jhpf;f Koa[k;. rhjhuzkhf 42 tajpnyna bkndhgh!; epiy te;J tpLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ruhrhpahf 45.6 tajpy; ,g;go MfpwJ. nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy;/ khjtpyf;F epd;W nghFk; taJ ruhrhpahf 52 MFk;.

  ,g;gog;gl;l ,d;iwa epytuj;jpy; FHe;ijiag; bgw;Wf; bfhs;sf; Toa tha;g;ng bgz:fSf;F gj;jhz:Lfs; tiuapy;jhd; cs;sJ. bgz:fSf;F taJ mjpfkhf/ mjpfkhf fUj;jhpf;Fk; tha;g;g[ FiwfpwJ. Vw;fdnt jhkjkhf jpUkzkhfp/ mj;njhL FHe;ij bgw;Wf; bfhs;tij g[Jkzj; jk;gjpfs; tpUg;gg;gl;nl js;spg;nghl;Lf; bfhz:L nghtjhy; FHe;ij gpwg;gpy; rpuk';fSk;/ rpf;fy;fSk; FWf;fpLfpd;wd.

  jk;gjpfs; njitaw;w FHg;gj;ijf; iftpl;L rhpahd fz:nzhl;lj;jpy; mqfpdhy; ,e;jf; Fiwia epth;j;jp bra;Jbfhs;s Koa[k;. ,g;nghbjy;yhk; fy;ahzk; Koe;J xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; fUj;jhpf;fhtpl;lhy; jk;gjpfs; kUj;Jt Mnyhridf;F tUfpwhh;fs;. g[J MapukhtJ Mz:oy;/ g[j;jk; g[Jj;jsph; fis ,e;jg; g{t[yfj;jpw;F tuntw;Fk; Mnuhf;fpa mwpFwp ,J.